In 1940, Shannon became a National Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. This research resulted in Shannon's PhD thesis, called An Algebra for Theoretical Genetics. Vannevar Bush had suggested that Shannon should work on his dissertation at the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, in order to develop a mathematical formulation for Mendelian genetics. Shannon received his PhD from MIT in 1940. Howard Gardner called Shannon's thesis "possibly the most important, and also the most noted, master's thesis of the century." The theoretical rigor of Shannon's work superseded the ad hoc methods that had prevailed previously. Shannon's work became the foundation of digital circuit design, as it became widely known in the electrical engineering community during and after World War II. Using this property of electrical switches to implement logic is the fundamental concept that underlies all electronic digital computers.
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In the last chapter, he presented diagrams of several circuits, including a 4-bit full adder. Next, he expanded this concept, proving that these circuits could solve all problems that Boolean algebra could solve. In this work, Shannon proved that his switching circuits could be used to simplify the arrangement of the electromechanical relays that were used during that time in telephone call routing switches. A paper from this thesis was published in 1938. In 1937, he wrote his master's degree thesis, A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. While studying the complicated ad hoc circuits of this analyzer, Shannon designed switching circuits based on Boole's concepts. In 1936, Shannon began his graduate studies in electrical engineering at MIT, where he worked on Vannevar Bush's differential analyzer, an early analog computer. He graduated in 1936 with two bachelor's degrees: one in electrical engineering and the other in mathematics. In 1932, Shannon entered the University of Michigan, where he was introduced to the work of George Boole. Both Shannon and Edison were descendants of John Ogden (1609–1682), a colonial leader and an ancestor of many distinguished people. Shannon's childhood hero was Thomas Edison, who he later learned was a distant cousin. While growing up, he also worked as a messenger for the Western Union company. At home he constructed such devices as models of planes, a radio-controlled model boat and a barbed-wire telegraph system to a friend's house a half-mile away. His best subjects were science and mathematics.
Shannon showed an inclination towards mechanical and electrical things. Most of the first 16 years of Shannon's life were spent in Gaylord, where he attended public school, graduating from Gaylord High School in 1932. was a descendant of New Jersey settlers, while Mabel was a child of German immigrants. His mother, Mabel Wolf Shannon (1890–1945), was a language teacher, who also served as the principal of Gaylord High School.
(1862–1934) was a businessman and for a while, a judge of probate in Gaylord. The Shannon family lived in Gaylord, Michigan, and Claude was born in a hospital in nearby Petoskey. 3.2 Shannon's estimate for the complexity of chess.2 The Mathematical Theory of Communication." A Mathematical Theory of Communication"Ī Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits
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